Industrial Policy for Innovation and Technology Upgrading in Africa

As the world enters the era of the fourth industrial revolution characterized by advances in artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, and automation, the preparedness of African nations varies significantly. Economists argue that Africa missed out on the first three industrial revolutions. Is the continent adequately poised to confront the challenges posed by the fourth industrial revolution? Is Africa sufficiently prepared to adapt to the profound transformations, or does it risk missing yet another opportunity for revolutionary change?